Publications and Patents

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Patents || Publications: | 2024| 2023| 2022| 2021 | 2020 |2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | 2007 | 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | 2003 | 2002 | 2001 | 2000 | 1998

2024

Hermann JC., Rizzato R., Bruckmaier F., Allert RD., Bucher DB., and Blank, A.
Extending Radiowave Frequency Detection Range with Dressed States of Solid-State Spin Ensembles,
arXiv preprint, (2024). arXiv:2407.14483.

Katz I., Schmidt A., Ben-Shir I., Javitt M., Kouřil K., Capozzi A., Meier B., Lang A., Pokroy B., and Blank, A.
Long-lived enhanced magnetization—A practical metabolic MRI contrast material,
Science Advances, 10(28), (2024). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado2483

Almog N., Zgadzai O., Kuppusamy P., Zur Y., Baruch L., Machluf M., and Blank, A.
Hand‐held electron spin resonance scanner for subcutaneous oximetry using OxyChip,
Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 92(1), (2024). DOI: 10.1002/mrm.30066

2023

Sherman A., Koren B., Zgadzai O., and Blank, A.
An anti-maser for mode cooling of a microwave cavity,
Journal of Applied Physics, 134(21), (2023). DOI: 10.1063/5.0175143

Artzi, Y., Zgadzai, O., Solomon, B., and Blank, A.
Three-dimensional Fourier Imaging of Thousands of Individual Solid-State Quantum Bits–A Tool for Spin-Based Quantum Technology,
Physica Scripta, 98, (2023). DOI: 10.1088/1402-4896/acae46

Dayan, N., Artzi, Y., Jbara, M., Cristea, D., and Blank, A.
Pulsed Electron‐Nuclear Double Resonance in the Fourier Regime,
ChemPhysChem, 24(7), (2023). DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200624

Sherman A., Koren B., Zgadzai O., and Blank, A.
An anti-maser for quantum-limited cooling of a microwave cavity,
arXiv preprint, (2023). arXiv:2307.12691.

Koren, B., Sherman, B., and Blank, A.
Multiple electron spin resonance echoes observed for paramagnetic defects in diamond at room temperature,
Journal of Magnetic Resonance Open, 16, (2023). DOI: 10.1016/j.jmro.2023.100133

2022

Ishay, Y., Artzi, Y., Dayan, N., Cristea, D., and Blank, A.
Advanced Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Ultra-Miniature Surface Resonators,
The Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal (ACES),(2022). DOI: 10.13052/2022.ACES.J.370604

Sherman, A., Zgadzai, O., Koren, B., Peretz, I., Laster, E., and Blank, A.
Diamond-based microwave quantum amplifier,Science Advances,(2022). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade6527

Dayan, N., Artzi, Y., Jbara, M., Cristea, D., and Blank A.
Pulsed Electron‐Nuclear Double Resonance in the Fourier Regime,
ChemPhysChem,(2022). DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200624

Buchbinder, L., Datz, H., Dayan, N., Carmieli, R., and Blank A.
The potential of pulsed electron spin resonance for tooth-based retrospective biodosimetry,
Applied Magnetic Resonance volume,53,(2022). 989–1014.

Katz, I., Feintuch, A., Carmieli, R., Markovic, S., Singh, K., Harris, T., Frydman, L., and Blank, A.
Dynamic nuclear polarization enhancement of 13C in glucose using electrical discharge induced radicals as polarizing agents,
Journal of Magnetic Resonance Open,(2022). DOI: 10.1016/j.jmro.2022.100043

Artzi, Y., Yishay, Y., Fanciulli, M., Jbara, M., and Blank, A.
Superconducting microresonators for electron spin resonance, the good, the bad, and the future,Journal of Magnetic Resonance,
(2022). DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2021.107102.

2021

Buchbinder, L., Datz, H., Dayan, N., Carmieli, R., and Blank, A.
The Potential of Pulsed Electron Spin Resonance for Tooth-Based Retrospective Biodosimetry,Applied Magnetic Resonance , (2021). 10.1007/s00723-021-01417-z.

Artzi, Y., Yishay Y., Fanciulli, M., Jbara, M., and Blank, A.
Superconducting microresonators for electron spin resonance, the good, the bad, and the future,arXiv preprint, (2021). arXiv:2106.04163.

Sherman, A., Buchbinder, L., Ding, S., and Blank, A.
Performance analysis of diamond-based masers,Journal of Applied Physics 129 (14), (2021). DOI: 10.1063/5.0045802.

2020

Cristea, D., Wolfson, H., Ahmad R., Twig Y., Kuppusamy P., and Blank, A.
Compact electron spin resonance skin oximeter: Properties and initial clinical results,Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, (2020).
DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28595
.

Dayan, N., Ishay, Y., Artzi, Y., Cristea, D., Driesschaert, B., and Blank, A.
Electron Spin resonance microfluidics with subnanoliter liquid samples,Journal of Magnetic Resonance Open, (2020).
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmro.2020.100005
.

Zimmermann, J., London, P, Yirmiyahu, Y., Jelezko, F., Blank, A., Gershoni, D.
Selective noise resistant gate,arXiv preprint, (2020). arXiv:2005.04738.

Cristea, D., Krishtul, S., Kuppusamy, P., Baruch, L., Machluf, M., Blank, A.
New approach to measuring oxygen diffusion and consumption in encapsulated living cells, based on electron spin resonance microscopy,Acta biomaterialia, 101, (2020) 384-394. DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.10.032.

2019

Kmiec, M., Hou, H., M. Kuppusamy, L., Drews, T., Prabhat, A., Petryakov, S., Demidenko,E., Schaner, P., Buckey, J., Blank, A., Kuppusamy P. “Application of SPOT chip for transcutaneous oximetry,Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 81(5), (2019) 2837-2840. DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27667.

Katz, I., Feintuch, A., Carmieli R., and Blank A. “Proton polarization enhancement of up to 150 with dynamic nuclear polarization of plasma-treated glucose powder, Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,100, (2019) 26-35.

Kmiec, M., Hou, H., Kuppusamy, L., Drews, T., Prabhat, A., Petryakov, S., Demidenko, E., Schaner, P., Buckey, J., Blank, A., Kuppusamy, P. “Transcutaneous oxygen measurement in humans using a paramagnetic skin adhesive film,Magnetic Resonance in Medicine,
81, (2019) 781-794.

2018

Dayan, N., Ishay, Y., Artzi, Y., Cristea, D., Reijerse, E., Kuppusamy, P., and Blank, A. “ Advanced Surface Resonators for Electron Spin Resonance of Single Microcrystals,Review of Scientific Instruments, 89, 124707 (2018). Featured by the editor

Zgadzai, O., Twig, Y., Wolfson, H., Ahmad, R., Kuppusamy, P., Blank, A. “Electron Spin Resonance Dipstick,” Analytical Chemistry, 90, (2018), 7830-7836. DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00917 .

Šlouf, M., Pilař, J., Dybal, J., Šloufová, I., Michálková, D., Lukešová, M., Zgadzai, O., Blank, A., Filippov, S. “UV degradation of styrene-butadiene rubber versus high density poly(ethylene) in marine conditions studied by infrared spectroscopy, micro indentation, and electron spin resonance imaging,” Polymer Degradation and Stability, 156, (2018) 132-143. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.08.005 .

2017

Twig, Y., Sorkin, A., Cristea, D., Feintuch, A., and Blank, A. “Surface Loop-gap Resonators for Electron Spin Resonance at W-Band,” Review of Scientific Instruments, 88 (2017) 123901. doi: 10.1063/1.5000946. Chosen as an Editor’s Pick

Ishay, Y. and Blank, A., “Optimization Methods for the Design of Sensitive Surface ESR Resonators,” Applied magnetic Resonance, 48, (2017), 1249–1262.

Blank, A., Twig, Y., and Ishay, Y., “Recent Trends in High Spin Sensitivity Magnetic Resonance,” Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 280, (2017), 20-29.

Blank, A., “A new approach to distance measurements between two spin labels in the >10 nm rangePhysical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 19, (2017), 5222-5229. DOI:10.1039/C6CP07597E

Zgadzai, O., Shtirberg, L., Artzi, Y., and Blank, A., “Selective addressing and readout of optically detected electron spins,” European Physics Letters, 117 (2017), 1001.; Selected as Editor’s Choice.

2016

Blank, A., “Spectroscopy, Imaging, and Selective Addressing of Dark Spins at the Nanoscale with Optically-Detected Magnetic Resonance”
Physica Status Solidi – 253, (2016) 1167-1176

Dikarov, E., Zgadzai, O., Artzi, Y., and Blank, A., “Direct measurement of the flip-flop rate of electron spins in solid state, “Physical Review Applied 6, (2016), 044001.
Direct measurement of the flip-flop rate of electron spins in solid state“

2015

Wolfson H, Ahmad R, Twig Y, Blank A, and Kuppusamy P, “A Hand-held EPR Scanner for Transcutaneous Oximetry”
Proc. SPIE 9417, Medical Imaging 2015: Biomedical Applications in Molecular, Structural, and Functional Imaging – 941706 (2015)

Katz, I., Blank, A.,“Dynamic Nuclear Polarization in Solid Samples by Electrical-Discharge-Induced Radicals”
Journal of Magnetic Resonance – 261, (2015) 95-100

Hashem, M., Weiler-Sagie, M., Kuppusamy, P., Neufeld, G., Neeman, M., and Blank, A,“Electron Spin Resonance Microscopic Imaging of Oxygen Concentration in Cancer Spheroids”
Journal of Magnetic Resonance – 256, (2015) 78-85

Woflson, H., Ahmad, R., Twig, Y., Williams, B. and Blank, A., “A magnetic resonance probehead for evaluating the level of ionizing radiation absorbed in human teeth”
Health Physics Journal – 108, (2015) 326-35
This paper was featured on the cover of the Journal

Katz, I., Fehr, M., Schnegg, A., Lips, K., and Blank, A., High Resolution In-Operando Microimaging of Solar Cells with Pulsed Electrically-Detected Magnetic Resonance”
Journal of Magnetic resonance 251, (2015) 26–35

Blank, A., Shapiro, G., Fischer, R., London, P., and Gershoni, D., “Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance Imaging”
Applied Physics Letters 106, (2015) 034102

Artzi, Y., Twig, Y., and Blank, A.,,Induction-detection electron spin resonance with spin sensitivity of a few tens of spins”
Applied Physics Letters 106, (2015) 084104

2014

Wolfson, H., Ahmad, R., Twig, Y., Kuppusamy, P., and Blank, A., A Miniature Electron Spin Resonance Probehead for Transcutaneous Oxygen Monitoring”
Appl. Mag. Res. 45 (2014) 955–967

Blank, A., Hashem, M., and Twig, Y., Electron Spin Resonance Imaging Probes and a Sample Holder for Thin and Long One-Dimensional Samples”
Applied Magnetic Resonance 45 (2014) 63-73

Dikarov, E., Shklyar, R., and Blank, A., “New approach for measuring migration properties of point defects in amorphous oxides”
Physica Status Solidi (a) 211 (2014) 2177–2183

2013

Golub, L. C., Potter, L. C., Ash, J. N., Blank, A. and Rizwan, A., “Estimation of spin-echo relaxation time”
Journal of Magnetic Resonance 237 (2013) 17-22,

Dikarov, E., Fehr, M., Schnegg, A., Lips, K., and Blank, A.,“Selective Electron Spin Resonance measurements of micron-scale thin samples on a substrate”
Measurement Science and Technology 24 (2013) 115009 (7p)

Sirota, K., Twig, Y., and Blank, A., “Pulsed Electron Spin Resonance Ex-situ Probe for Tooth Biodosimetry”
Applied Magnetic Resonance 44 (2013) 671-689

Twig, Y., Dikarov, E., and Blank, A., “Ultra Miniature Resonators for Electron Spin Resonance: Sensitivity Analysis, Design and Construction Methods, and Potential Applications”
Molecular Physics 111 (2013) 2674-268

Blank, A., “Scheme for a spin-based quantum computer employing induction detection and imaging”
Quantum Information processing 12 (2013) 2993-3006

Dikarov, E., Shklyar, R., Twig, Y. and Blank, A., “Induction-Detection Electron Spin Resonance with Sensitivity of 1000 Spins: En Route to Scalable Quantum Computations”
Physics Letters 377 (2013) 1937-1942

Kissos, I., Levit, M., Feuer, A. and Blank, A., “Statistical Reconstruction Algorithms for Continuous Wave Electron Spin Resonance Imaging”
Journal of Magnetic Resonance 231 (2013) 100-116
This paper was featured on the cover of the journal

2012

Blank, A., “Masers made easy, invited News & Views”
Nature 488 (2012) 285

Bachar, G., Suchoi, O., Shtempluck, O., Blank, A., and Buks, E., “Nonlinear induction detection of electron spin resonance”
Applied Physics Letters 101 (2012) 022602

Raitsimring, A., Astashkin, A., Enemark, J. H., Blank, A., Twig, Y., Song, Y., Meade, T. J., “Dielectric Resonator for K a-Band Pulsed EPR Measurements at Cryogenic Temperatures: Probehead Construction and Applications”
Applied Magnetic Resonance, 42 (2012), 441-452.

Twig Y., Dikarov E., and Blank A., “Cryogenic electron spin resonance microimaging probe”
Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 218 (2012) 22-29.

Shtirberg, L., Shklyar, M., and Blank, A., “ESR spectroscopy employing YIG-Tuned Oscillator in conjunction with low-quality factor resonators”
ISBN: 978-966-335-370-8. IEEE Catalog Number: CFP12788.

Katz, I., Shtirberg, L., Shakour, G. and Blank, A., “Earth field NMR with chemical shift spectral resolution: Theory and proof of concept,”
Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 219 (2012) 13-24.

2011

Warwar, N., Mor, A., Fluhr, R., Pandian, R., Kuppusamy, P., and Blank, A., “Detection and Imaging of Superoxide in Roots by Electron Spin Resonance Spin Probe Method”
Biophysical Journal 101 (2011) 1529-1538

Twig, Y., Suhovoy, E., Hutchison, W. D., and Blank, A., “Note: High Sensitivity Pulsed Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy with Induction Detection”
Review of Scientific Instruments, 82 (2011) 076105.
This paper was also selected for the August 2011 issue of Virtual Journal of Quantum Information

Shtirberg, L. and Blank, A., “Short, Powerful, and Agile Current Drivers for Magnetic Resonance,”
Concepts in Magnetic Resonance Part B: Magnetic Resonance Engineering,39B (2011) 119-127

Shtirberg, L., Twig, Y., Dikarov, E., Halevy, R., Levit, M. and Blank, A, “High-Sensitivity Q-Band Electron Spin Resonance Imaging System with Sub-Micron Resolution”
Review of Scientific Instruments, 82 (2011) 043708
This paper was also selected for the May 1, 2011 issue of Virtual Journal of Biological Physics Research.

2010

Twig, Y., Suhovoy, E., and Blank, A, “Sensitive Surface Loop-Gap Microresonators for Electron Spin Resonance,”
Review of Scientific Instruments 81 (2010) 104703

Halevy R., Shtirberg L., Shklyar M. ,Blank A., “Electron Spin Resonance Micro-imaging of Live Species for Oxygen Mapping”
JoVE

Halevy, R., Tormyshev, V., and Blank, A., “Micro-imaging of Oxygen Concentration near Live Photosynthetic Cells by Electron Spin Resonance,”
Biophysical Journal 99(2010) 971-978

Meenakshisundaram, G., Eteshola, E. Blank, A., Lee, S. C., Kuppusamy, P, “A molecular paramagnetic spin-doped biopolymeric oxygen sensor,”
Biosensors and bioelectronics 25 (2010) 2283-9

Suhovoy, E., Mishra, V., Shklyar, M., Shtirberg, L., and Blank, A., “Direct Micro-Imaging of Point Defects in Bulk SiO2, Applied to Vacancy Diffusion and Clustering,”
European Physics Letters – 90 (2010) 26009.

Talmon, Y., Shtirberg, L., Harneit, W., Rogozhnikova, O. U., Tormyshev, V., and Blank, A, “Molecular Diffusion in Porous Media by PGSE ESR”,
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 12 (2010) 5998 – 6007.

Blank, A., Halevy, R., Shklyar, M., Shtirberg, L. and Kuppusamy, P., “ESR Micro-Imaging of LiNc-BuO Crystals in PDMS: Spatial and Spectral Grain Distribution”
Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 203 (2010) 150-155

2009

Blank A, Ish-Shalom S, Shtirberg L and Zur Y., “Ex situ endorectal MRI probe for prostate imaging.”
Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 62 (2009) 1585-1596.

Blank, A., Suhovoy, E., Halevy, R., Shtirberg, L. and Harneit, W., “ESR imaging in solid phase down to sub-micron resolution: methodology and applications”
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics ,11, (2009) 6689-6699

2008

Blank, A., Talmon, Y., Shklyar, M, Shtirberg, L. and Harneit, W., “Direct Measurement of Diffusion in Liquid Phase by Electron Spin Resonance”
Chemical Physics Letters. 465 (2008) 147-152

Suhovoy E., and Blank A., “High Resolution ESR Imaging of N@C60 Radicals on Surface”
Israel Journal of Chemistry. 48 (2008) 45-51

2007

Halevy R., Talmon Y., Blank A., “Photolithograpic Production of Glass Sample Holders for Im-proved Sensitivity and Resolution in ESR Microscopy,”
Appl . Magnetic Resonance, 31 (2007), 589-596

2006

Blank A., and Freed J. H,, “ESR Microscopy and Nanoscopy with Induction detection,”
Isr. J. Chem., 46 (2006) 5430-5432

Blank A, Freed J. H., Naraharisetti P. K., Wang C. H., “Electron Spin Resonance Microscopy Applied to the Study of Controlled Drug Release,”
Journal Control. Release, 111 (2006) 174-184.

2005

Blank A., and Levanon H., “Triplet Line Shape Simulation in Continuous Wave Electron Paramagnetic Wave Experiments,”
Concepts in Magnetic Resonance 25A (2005) 18-39.

Schneiderman J., Wilensky R. L., Weiss A., Samouha E., Muchnik L., Chen- Zion M., Ilovitch M., Golan E., Blank A., Flugelman M., Rozenman Y., and Virmani R., “Diagnosis of Thin Fibrous Cap Atheromas by a Self-contained Intravascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Probe in Ex-vivo Human Aortas and In-situ Coronary Arteries,”
Journal of The American College of Cardiology 45 (2005) 1961-1969.

Blank A., Alexandrowicz G., Muchnik L., Tidhar G., Schneiderman J., Virmani R., and Golan E., “Miniature Self-Contained Intravascular Magnetic Resonance (IVMI) Probe for Clinical Applications,”
Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 54 (2005) 105-112.

2004

Blank A., Dunnam C. R., Borbat P. P., and Freed J. H, “Pulsed Three-Dimensional Electron Spin Resonance Microscopy,”
Applied Physics Letters, 85 (2004) 5430-5432.

Blank A., Dunnam C.R., Borbat P. P., and Freed J. H., “A 3D Electron Spin Resonance Microscope,”
Review of Scientific Instruments, 75 (2004) 3050-3061

2003

Blank A., Dunnam C.R., Borbat P. P., and Freed J. H., “High Resolution Electron Spin Resonance Microscopy,”
Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 165 (2003) 116-127.
This paper was featured on the cover of the journal

Blank A, Stavitski E, Levanon H, and Gubaydullin F., “Transparent miniature dielectric resonator for electron paramagnetic resonance experiments,”
Review of Scientific Instruments, 74 (2003) 2853-2859.

Yamauchi S, Takahashi A, Iwasaki Y, Unno M, Ohba Y, Higuchi J, Blank A, and Levanon H., “The lowest photoexcited triplet state of subphthalocyanine in solid and fluid environments. Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance studies”
Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 107 (2003) 1478-1485.

2002

Blank A. and Levanon H., “Optimal Magnetization in Liquids Produced by Triplet-Doublet Interaction”
Molecular Physics 100 (2002) 1477-1488.

Blank A., and Levanon H., “Filling Factor in a Pulsed electron Paramagnetic Resonance Experiment”
Spectrochimica Acta A, 58 (2002) 1329-1335.

Blank A., and Levanon H., “Toward maser action at room temperature by triplet-radical interaction and its application to microwave technology”
RIKEN review, 44 (2002) 128-130.

2001

Blank A., and Levanon H.,, Applications of Photoinduced Electron Spin Polarization at Room Temperature to Microwave Technology,”
Applied Physics Letters, 79 (2001) 1694-1696.

Blank A., and Levanon H.,,“The Interaction between Polarized Triplets and Stable Radicals in Liquid Solutions”
Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 105 (2001) 4799-4807

Blank A., Galili T., and Levanon, H., “Triplet Porphyrins as Donors in Intramolecular Electron Transfer and their Intermolecular Interaction with Free Radicals”
Journal of porphyrins and phthalocyanines, 5 (2001) 58-66.

2000

Blank A., and Solomon S., “Power laws in cities population, financial markets and internet sites (scaling in systems with a variable number of components)”
Physica A 287 (2000) 279-288

Blank A., and Levanon H., “Triplet Radical Interaction. Direct Measurement of Triplet Polarization Transfer by Fourier-Transform Electron Paramagnetic Resonance”
Journal of Physical Chemistry A 104 (2000) 794-800

Blank A., and Levanon H., “Filling Factor of a Paramagnetic Sample in a Rectangular Cavity. Theory and Application”
Spectrochimica Acta A, 56 (2000) 363-371.

1998

Blank A., Kastner R., and Levanon H., “Exploring New Active Materials for Low-Noise Room Temperature Microwave Amplifiers and Other Devices,”
IEEE Transaction on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 46 (1998) 2137-2144.

Patents

A.Blank, J. Anders, J.V. Gancedo, V.L. Monserrat,
“Minimally-invasive continuous clinical monitoring of small molecules with analytical accuracy”
US Patent 12,043,641, July. 2023

A.Blank, J. Anders, J.V. Gancedo, V.L. Monserrat,
“Minimally-invasive continuous clinical monitoring of small molecules with analytical accuracy”
US Patent App. 17/777,684, Jan. 2023

A. Blank, A. Sherman, “Microwave quantum device”
US Patent 17,529,399, May. 2022

A. Blank, I. Katz, A. Feintuch, “Method for preparation of highly polarized nuclear spins containing samples and uses thereof for NMR and MRI”
US Patent 11,041,928 B2, June. 2021

A. Blank, P. Kuppusamy, A. Rizwan, “Method and System for Electron Paramagnetic Resonance”
US Patent 10,722,138 B2, July. 2020

A. Blank, I. Katz, A. Feintuch, “Method for Preparation of Highly Polarized Nuclear spins containing samples and uses thereof for NMR and MRI”
US Patent 10,718,840 B2, July. 2020

A. Blank, I. Katz, “Method and Device for Ex-situ Magnetic Resonance Analysis”
US patent 8,461,836, June. 2013

A. Blank, L. Shtirberg, “Probe and System for Electron Spin Resonance Imaging”
US patent 8,067,937, Nov. 2011

A. Blank, R. Dunnam, Peter P. Borbat, H. Freed, “Electron Spin Resonace Microscope For Imaging With Micron Resolution”
US patent 7,403,008 B2 , July. 2008

A. Blank, G. Alexandrowicz, and E. Golan, “Magnetic Resonance Imaging Device”
US patent 6,704,594, Mar. 2004

H. Levanon, A. Blank, “Microwave Devices based on Chemically Induced Dynamic Electron Spin Polarization”
US patent 6,515,539 Feb. 2003

E. Golan, A. Blank, G. Alexandrowicz, “Magnetic Resonance Imaging Device for operation in External Static Magnetic Fields”
US patent 6,377,048 Apr. 2002